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As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, categorized in 12 families. The infraorder Isoptera is split into the following clade and family groups, showing that the subfamilies in their respective classification:26

Termites are found on all continents except Antarctica. The diversity of termite species is low in North America and Europe (10 species known in Europe and 50 in North America), but is high in South America, where over 400 species have been known.34 Of the 3,000 termite species currently categorized, 1,000 are found in Africa, where mounds are extremely abundant in certain regions.

Within China, termite species have been restricted to mild tropical and subtropical lands south of the Yangtze River.34 In Australia, all environmental groups of termites (dampwood, drywood, subterranean) are endemic to the country, with over 360 categorized species.34.

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Due to their soft cuticles, termites do not inhabit cool or cold habitats.36 There are three environmental groups of termites: dampwood, drywood and subterranean. Dampwood termites are found only in coniferous forests, and drywood termites are found in hardwood forests; subterranean termites live in widely diverse areas.34 One species in the drywood category is that the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), which can be an invasive species in Australia.37.

Termites are generally modest, measuring between 4 to 15 millimetres (0.16 to 0.59 in) in length.34 The biggest of extant termites would be the queens of those species Macrotermes bellicosus, measuring up to over 10 centimetres (4 in) in length.38 Another giant termite, the extinct Gyatermes styriensis, flourished in Austria during the Miocene and had a wingspan of 76 millimetres (3.0 in) and a body length of 25 millimetres (0.98 in).39note 1.

Most worker and soldier termites are blind as they do not own a set of eyes. However, some species, like Hodotermes mossambicus, haveCompound eyes which they use for orientation and also to distinguish sunlight from moonlight.40 The alates (winged males link and females) have eyes along with lateral ocelli.

Termite antennae have a number of functions like the sensing of taste, touch, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a scape, a pedicel (typically shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel). The mouth parts contain a maxillae, a labium, and a pair of mandibles.

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Consistent with insects, the anatomy of the termite thorax consists of three segments: the prothorax, the mesothorax and the metathorax. Each segment contains a pair of legs. On alates, the wings are located at the mesothorax and metathorax. The mesothorax and metathorax have well-developed exoskeletal plates; the prothorax has smaller plates. .

Termites have a ten-segmented abdomen with 2 plates, the tergites and also the sternites. The tenth abdominal segment has a pair of short cerci.45 There are ten tergites, of which nine are wide and one is elongated. The reproductive organs are much like those in cockroaches but are somewhat more simplified. By way of instance, the intromittent organ is not present in penile alates, and the semen is either immotile or aflagellate.

Unlike in other termites, Mastotermitidae females possess an ovipositor, a characteristic strikingly similar to this in female cockroaches.48.

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The non-reproductive castes of thieves are wingless and rely exclusively on their six legs for locomotion. The alates fly only for a short amount of time, and therefore they also rely on their legs. The appearance of the legs is comparable in each caste, but the soldiers have larger and thicker legs.

The number of tibial spurs on an individual's leg fluctuates. Some species of termite have an arolium, located between the claws, which is present in species which climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in many termites.49.

Unlike in ants, the hind-wings and fore-wings are of equivalent length.2 Most of the time, the alates are poor stocks; their technique would be to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction. Studies show that in comparison to bigger termites, smaller termites cannot fly long distances. When a termite is in flight, its wings remain in a ideal angle, and when the termite is at rest, its wings remain parallel to your own body.51.

Caste system of termites A King B Queen C Secondary queen D Tertiary queen E Infection F Worker

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Worker termites undertake the most labour within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance.53 Employees are tasked with the digestion of cellulose in food and are consequently the most likely caste to be found in infested timber. The process of worker termites feeding different nestmates is known as trophallaxis.